Humanist and Normative Approach Free Essays

Soft HRM follows the harvard model – considers human capital as assets rather than resources. Hard HRM follows the michigen model – enforces the interests of the organisation rather than the progress of individuals. Humanist Approach – SOFT HRM (Harvard)  · Philosophy: A fair day’s work for a fair day’s pay. We will write a custom essay sample on Humanist and Normative Approach or any similar topic only for you Order Now Organisational behaviour and the focus on corporate social responsibility. Companies see themselves as ethically conducted.  · Business objective: Increase productivity and profitability. Quality is secondary. They look to achieve optimum results Quality objective: Adequate quality to remain in business. Staff driven quality improvement approaches  · Information sharing: Limited information sharing as needed for job execution.  · Major decision makers: Manager, shareholders, customers, employees  · Employee involvement: Programme suggestions , plans individual employee awards, no formal system.  · Education and training: On the job training, feedback on the job performance – Results orientated, they measure results and evaluate them. Tend to look at the return on investment – hard to prove. g if in 2012 a company sells 600 products and in 2013 after training and development of staff this number increases to 1200, can we prove that this is in fact return on in vestment and due to the training.  · Reward structure: Design and administered by management  · Job security: Labour consider as a variable cost. Lay-off common during business downturn  · Use of symbols eg apple, Mcdonalds and Legal General (Umbrella)  · Focus on personalities and attitudes- behavioural based. Encourages self assessment through appraisals. rawing up your own development plan and managers helping employees to achieve these or to make progress rather than managing people out when they are not meeting objectives. Source: http://www. shvoong. com/business-management/human-resources/1861903-comparison-traditional-human-resource-approach/#ixzz2ONUzQ2fR Normative Approach – HARD HRM (Michigan) â€Å"The normative perspective of human resource management bases itself on the concepts of â€Å"hard HRM† and â€Å"soft HRM,† on which the foundations of human resource management rest. † [http://www. brighthubpm. om/resource-management/76151 -exploring-different-perspectives-of-hr-management/]  · Concentration on strategic planning with vertical and horizontol integration of policy.  · Organisational culture with a key objective of retaining competitive advantage.  · ensuring all of the policies and procedures are current  · innovation  · Administration is become a lot more innovative – adapting/changing to current times. A lot of admin is now online using systems such as ADPs HR. Net – holiday etc is now requested and approved online rather than using a paper system. Employee benefit and reward often takes the form of welfare systems for example gym memberships and paid sick leave  · Tend to have industrial relations eg trade unions and workforce representatives. Humanist approach tends to have more concern regarding employees progress, employee engagement and training/development of employees that may not necessarily directly improve the organisations output/productivity. Whereas a normative approach is more aligned with business strategy and integration of policy. How to cite Humanist and Normative Approach, Papers

The Dead Sea Scrolls (1545 words) Essay Example For Students

The Dead Sea Scrolls (1545 words) Essay The Dead Sea ScrollsTHE DEAD SEA SCROLLSHum. 211Karen RankSunday, October 17, 1999While pursuing one of his goats into a cave near the Dead Sea in the Jordan Desert, in1947, a fifteen year old boy by the name of Muhammad adh-Dhib, stumbled on to a greatdiscovery. Inside the cave, he found broken jars that contained scrolls written in a strangelanguage, wrapped in linen cloth and leather.1 This first discovery produced seven scrolls andstarted an archaeological search that produced thousands of scroll fragments in eleven caves. The Dead Sea is located in Israel and Jordan, east of Jerusalem. The dead sea is verydeep, salty, and its the lowest body of water in the world. Because the dead sea is at such a lowelevation, the climate has a high evaporation rate but a very low humidity which helped topreserve the scrolls.2Archaeologists searched for the dwelling of the people that may have left the scrolls inthe caves. The archaeologist excavated a ruin located between the cliffs where the scrolls werefound and the dead sea. This ruin is called Qumran. The ruins and the scrolls were dated by thecarbon 14 method and found to be from the third century which made them the oldest survivingbiblical manuscript by at least 1000 years. Since the first discoveries archaeologists have found over 800 scrolls and scrollfragments in 11 different caves in the surrounding area. In fact, there are about 100,000 fragmentsfound in all. Most of which were written on goat skin and sheep skin. A few were on papyrus, aplant used to make paper, but one scroll was engraved on copper sheeting telling of sixty buriedtreasure sites.3Because the scrolls containing the directions to the treasures is unable to be fullyunrolled, the treasures have not been found yet. In all, the texts of the scrolls were remarkable. They contained unknown psalms, Bible commentary, calendar text, mystical texts, apocalyptictexts, liturgical texts, purity laws , bible stories, and fragments of every book in the OldTestament except that of Esther, including a imaginative paraphrase of the Book of Genesis. Alsofound were texts, in the original languages, of several books of the Apocrypha andPseudepigrapha. These texts?none of which was included in the Hebrew canon of the Bible?areTobit, Sirach, Jubilees, portions of Enoch, and the Testament of Levi, up to this time known onlyin early Greek, Syriac, Latin, and Ethiopic versions.4John Trever of the W.F. Albright Institute of Archaeological Research, was allowed toinvestigate the scrolls and was stunned to find that the scrolls closely resemble the Nash Papyrus,the once known oldest fragment of the Hebrew Bible dated at or around 150 BC. One of thescrolls was a complete copy of the book of the prophet Isaiah. Trever also examined three otherscrolls; the Manual of Disci pline, a commentary on the book of Habbakuk, and one called theGenesis Apocryphon. Trever took photographs of the texts to William Foxwell Albright ; of JohnHopkins University in Baltimore, who declared the scrolls dated back to around 100 BC.5The scroll and fragments found in the Qumran is a library of information that containsbooks or works written in three different languages: Hebrew, Aramaic, and Greek. Manyscholars separated the scrolls into three different categories: Biblical Books found in the Hebrew Bible. Apocryphal or psuedepigraphical Works not in some Bibles but included in others. Sectarian ordinances, biblical commentaries, apocalyptic visions, and sacred works.6 One of the longer text, found in Qumran is the Tehillim or Psalms Scroll. It was found in1956 in cave 11 and unrolled in 1961. It is a assortment of Psalms, hymns and an indifferent passage about the psalms authored by King David. It is written on sheep skin parchment and it hasthe thickest surface of any of the scrolls.7 The Manual Of Discipline or Community Rule contains rules, warnings and punishmentsto violators of the rules of the desert sect called Yahad. It also contains the methods of joining thecommunity, the relations among the members, their way of life , and their beliefs. The sectbelieved that human nature and all that happens in the world is predestined. The scroll ends withsongs of praise of God. The scroll was found in cave 4 and cave 5 and It was written onparchment. The longest version was found in cave 4.8The War Rule is commonly referred to as the ?Pierced Messiah? text. It refer s to aMessiah who came from the line of David, to be brought to a judgment and then to a killing. Itanticipates the New Testament view of the preordained death of the messiah. It is written in aHebrew script and is only a six line fragment.9 Most of the scrolls were found in caves near Qumran. The Qumran site was excavated tofind the habitation of those who deposited the scrolls in the nearby caves. The excavationsuncovered plates bowls and cemeteries with over twelve hundred graves that have the samecharacteristics which suggest religious uniformity, along with a complex of structures which suggested that they were communal in presentation.10 Many believe this is where a community ofa distant Jewish sect called the Essenes may have once lived. The Essenes were members of aJewish religious brotherhood, organized on a communal basis who practiced strict disciplines. Theorder had around 4000 members and they existed in Palestine and Syria from the 2nd century BCto the 2nd century AD. The sects main settlements were on the shores of the Dead Sea.11 In somescholars views the site was the wilderness retreat of the Essenes. According to these scholars, theEssenes or another religious sect resided in neighboring locations, most likely caves, tents, andsolid structures, but depended on the center for community facilities such as stores of food andwater. 12Many scholars believe the Essene community wrote, copied, or accumulated the scrollsat Qumran and deposited them in the caves of the neighboring hills. Others question thisexplanation, claiming that the site was no monastery but rather a Roman fortress or a winterresidence. Some also believe that the Qumran site has little if anything to do with the scrolls andthe evidence available does not support a definitive answer. 13A lapse in the use of the site is linked to evidence of a huge earthquake. Qumran wasabandoned about the time of the Roman invasion of 68 A.D.,14 two years before the collapse ofJewish self-governme nt in Judea and the destruction of the Temple in Jerusalem in 70 A.D. Thescrolls are believed to have been brought from Jerusalem the Judean wilderness for safekeepingwhen Jerusalem was threatened by Roman armies. This was the time that Qumran was a judeanmilitary fortress which was destroyed in a battle with the RomansSince their discovery, the Dead Sea Scrolls have been the subject of great scholarly andpublic interest. For scholars they represent an invaluable source for exploring the nature of post-biblical times and probing the sources of two of the worlds great religions. For the public, theyare artifacts of great significance, mystery, and drama. 15The Dead Sea Scrolls give us a better view of a crucial period in the history of Judaism. .u17e95b4eca8fd78b5f020c7225f84c9a , .u17e95b4eca8fd78b5f020c7225f84c9a .postImageUrl , .u17e95b4eca8fd78b5f020c7225f84c9a .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u17e95b4eca8fd78b5f020c7225f84c9a , .u17e95b4eca8fd78b5f020c7225f84c9a:hover , .u17e95b4eca8fd78b5f020c7225f84c9a:visited , .u17e95b4eca8fd78b5f020c7225f84c9a:active { border:0!important; } .u17e95b4eca8fd78b5f020c7225f84c9a .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u17e95b4eca8fd78b5f020c7225f84c9a { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u17e95b4eca8fd78b5f020c7225f84c9a:active , .u17e95b4eca8fd78b5f020c7225f84c9a:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u17e95b4eca8fd78b5f020c7225f84c9a .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u17e95b4eca8fd78b5f020c7225f84c9a .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u17e95b4eca8fd78b5f020c7225f84c9a .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u17e95b4eca8fd78b5f020c7225f84c9a .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u17e95b4eca8fd78b5f020c7225f84c9a:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u17e95b4eca8fd78b5f020c7225f84c9a .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u17e95b4eca8fd78b5f020c7225f84c9a .u17e95b4eca8fd78b5f020c7225f84c9a-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u17e95b4eca8fd78b5f020c7225f84c9a:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Cultural Diversity: Racial Disparity in the EssayJudaism was divided into numerous religious sects and political parties. With the destruction ofthe Temple in 70 AD., all that came to an end. Only the Judaism of the Pharisees; the mostpowerful Jewish sectRabbinic Judaismsurvived. Qumran literature shows a Judaism in themidst of change from the religion of Israel as described in the Bible to the Judaism of the rabbis asexplained in the Talmud, which tells the rules that Jews live by.16 Scholars have emphasized similarities between the beliefs and practices shown in the Qumranmaterial and those of early Christians.17 These similarities include rituals of baptism, communalmea ls, and property.18 One of the most fascinating similarities is how the people dividedthemselves into twelve tribes led by twelve chiefs. This is very similar to how Jesus had twelveapostles who would sit on thrones and judge the twelve tribes of Israel. 19The Dead Sea Scrolls were written during the birth of Christianity and an important time inJewish history. The scrolls have giving an insight into the lives and customs of the people wholived in a time of Roman invasion and Jewish history. Although the text do not hold all theanswers, they do give people a tool to use when studying biblical history. Only a very fewscholars had access to the scrolls before copies of the scrolls were published in the 1990s; nowwe all have a chance to read an come to our own conclusions about the text. Whether the scrollsuphold Jewish or Christian beliefs is not the only interesting part of the scrolls. The text also givea more personal look at the people who lived in a major part of Jewish history. BibliographyWORKS CITEDBurrows, Millar. (1955). The Dead Sea Scrolls. New York: Grammercy Publishing Company Roth, Cecil. (1965). The Dea Sea Scrolls. A New Historical Approach. New York: W.W. Norton ; Company. Schubert, Kurt . (1959). The Dead Sea Community. Great Britain: Bowering Press Plymouth. Shanks, Hershel. (1998). The Mystery And Meaning Of The Dead Sea Scrolls. New York:Random House. Project Judaica Foundation, Inc.(1996-1999) . Welcome to SCROLLS FROM THE DEAD SEA. The Ancient Library of Qumran and ModernScholarship, an Exhibit at the Library of Congress, Washington,DChttp://metalab.unc.edu/expo/deadsea.scrolls.exhibit/intro.html, Site design by New Connections. Religion

Rhe general information Essay Example

Rhe general information Essay Average age of the passengers of TITANIC was 29.88 years old. Considering the fact that 25% of the passengers were younger than 21 (1st quartile) and only 25% of passengers were older than 39 (100% the 3rd quartile), half of the passengers age was between 21 and 39 (3rd quartile 1st quartile), which indicates that the population of TITANIC was quite young.  The range of the age was pretty wide (79.833), since the youngest baby was 0.167 and the oldest was 80. Therefore, even though the majority of passengers were young, each category of ages from 0 to 80 had some representatives.  General equilibrium of the age (mean) is greater than the median, which means that the whole tendency of the age goes rightward, resulting in positive skewness (rightward skewed distribution). As we can see in bar chart below, there is a high frequency in ages 20 and 30, resulting in an asymmetry distribution. Age 80 in this case is an outlier; its value is too high with respect to the other ages. There was only one person who was 80, out of 1309 passengers. The kurtosis index is low (0.14) suggesting a hypo-normal (more flat) distribution relative to a normal distribution. In other words, the data have a flat top near the mean rather than a sharp peak.  1.2. Gender  The data inferred that there were more males than females on TITANIC. More than half of the population of TITANIC was male compared to only about 40% of the passengers who were female. The minimum ticket price was 0 which means that some passengers did not pay anything for the trip. Average ticket price was about 33 dollars which is quite low considering the most expensive fare was 512 dollars. That is because 75% of the passengers (3rd quartile) bought the ticket below the price of 31.27 dollars, 25% of them (the rest) paid from 32 dollars to 512 dollars. One of the main reasons the mean is not an appropriate measure is its sensitivity to extreme values. This is certainly the case with our data which comprises some extreme prices. We will write a custom essay sample on Rhe general information specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Rhe general information specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Rhe general information specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Therefore, we can see the outlier (512) in the box plot which is way higher compared to the mean of the ticket fare. This means that a very select clientele paid extremely much, perhaps being offered the appropriate luxury. Additionally the distribution is asymmetric, rightward (positive) skewed because the mean is greater than the median; general equilibrium is much higher the middle number. Upper limit is quite wide since, 3rd quartile is high, respectively 1st quartile is only 7 dollars. As we can see in Histogram above, the majority of the passengers bought their ticket under the 50 dollars threshold. Between 32 dollars and 512 dollars ticket, many of them sold by price about 200-250 dollars. In fact only 4 people got the 512 dollar ticket out of 1309 passengers. As a result, most of the passengers on TITANIC had comparatively cheap tickets, even though a select few enjoyed the luxury travel that an expensive ticket bought them. Below, heres a more representative Histogram of fares, one in which we have purposely omitted these luxury ticket prices, and we have increased the number of classes: We found out that there was a difference in the prices of those who survived, namely they paid more for their tickets. However, we cannot infer that survival depended on the ticket price because of the high variability of those who survived. The maximum price paid by a survivor was 512 while the maximum paid by a non-survivor was 263. This doesnt tell us much except that all 4 people who paid the extreme amount of 512 survived.  On average, the survivors paid more than double for their prices but again, the average was influenced heavily by the outliers. Conclusion By making a simple analysis of the general information of TITANIC, we were able to describe the population of the ship in terms of several variables. To summarize, the population was relatively young, more than half of them were males who did not pay too much for their tickets. This fits with the stereotype of the poor young man, in his 20s, looking for a new life in the land of the dreams. Unfortunately, survival ratio from TITANIC was not very high, only slightly less than 40% of the passengers were able to further pursue their dreams.

Wuthering Heights essays

Wuthering Heights essays Wuthering Heights can be interpreted on various levels. One of these interesting interpretations can be found by looking at the good and the evil in Wuthering Heights. Thrushcross Grange and Wuthering Heights, the two main settings of the novel, symbolize the good and the evil. Wuthering Heights and Thrushcross Grange also figure largely in both plot and character. Wuthering Heights is a stormy dark place, which signifies the evil, whereas Thrushcross Grange is a place of relative peace and civilization, which represents the good. Wuthering Heights symbolizes anger, jealousy, and hatred. Although, it not only represents evil, it also mirrors the characters that come from that environment. In general, the characters from the Heights are more passionate and aggressive. Wuthering Heights is a sturdy home. It is short and squat, with solid stonewalls. The trees are bent by the howling windstorms that batter the hill on which it stands. However, the house needs to be strong not only to withstand the storms, but also to withstand the stormy emotions the characters and events release within its walls. Catherine and Heathcliff are the two stormiest characters to emerge from the Heights. Catherine is stubborn and passionate. Even a long trip to the Grange cannot tame Catherine completely. Heathcliff, too, is untamable, although his passions take a more ruthless bent. Heathcliff, vows vengeance on the Earnshaws and Lintons; Im trying to settle how I shall pay Hindley back. I dont care how long I wait, if I can only do it at last. I hope he will not die before I do. He does this on account of all the suffering abuses as an unloved child at the Heights, Events at the Heights all run along this unsettled and dark manner. Hindley turns to drink and house soon falls to devastation after his wife dies in childbirth. Heathcliff escapes the Heights in the midst of a storm. Also, Isabella, Hindley, and Heathcliff get in... But even Nellys narration throughout the novel is not informed of what happens beyond the boundaries of Thrushcross Grange and Wuthering Heights I know all except where he was born and who are his parents and how he got his money, at first(pg35)-Heathcliffs origins and where he gain his wealth upon his return remain a mystery. The departure of Isabelle to London parallels in the same theme of enclose-ness bec...

Review Essay on Major Publication of a Movie Found Engaging or

Essay on Major Publication of a Found Engaging or Meaningful - Movie Review Example Michael is shown as big black kid from Memphis Tennessee. He is leading a troubled and a miserable life. His dad’s dead and his mom didn’t bother about him. He had no clue where his future was taking. Things turn around for him when he bumps into Leigh Ann. She takes him and for the first time Michael finds himself amidst normal things – for instance a house, having food to eat, a bed to sleep and some ray of home for his future. The stirking contrast shown between the lives led by Leigh’s family and Michael stirred very strong emotions in me. The ground reality of the divisions in our society between the upper echelons and the lower echelons could not help but make me feel bad for the state of poor Michael. He did nothing to deserve the kind of childhood and life he was leading. Unfortunately, he is just a depiction and fictitious character but there are many such cases out there that are malnutritioned, with no home to stay and with no hope for future. T he plight of those kids stood before me as Michael maneuvered his way into the track of the movie. It was heart-breaking to know the reality but even worse was inkling in the back of my mind that Michael is just a character and there are many others out there who literally go through this every day. You can’t help but wonder why some people are blessed with everything in the world (Ann’s family) while some don’t even have a roof above them. The disparity in the society raised a lot of questions in my mind. (The Blind-Side Rotten Tomatoes) While I loved the theme of the movie, it had some short –comings too. They did not characterize Leigh Ann deeply. It was never made clear what her motivations were. What was she feeling guilty about? For being so rich or for Michael being so unlucky? Was it guilt over her being white and Michael being black? He goes on to become a player in the NFL. What financial gain did she gain in bringing him down? What was her yout h like? Clearly, there are so many rich people out there but not everyone bothers to offer shelter to passersby in their house. What drove Leigh Ann to such an extent? There are such potholes in the track that need to make sense in the movie. Part of the reason why it garnered flak from most of the critics is because of such places where the movie failed to make sense. I also felt that the casting of the movie was inappropriate for Michael. Quinton Aaron was not the best choice. He didn’t generate a lot of emotions. Most of the time he stood there with a half smile on his face. It was very difficult to decipher his emotions through the course of the movie. Kathy Bates had nothing substantial to offer. Why she was even there made no sense too. However the aforementioned are the only glitches in the track. The Blind Side takes on a very different humanitarian theme. It was heart wrenching to see Michael trying to lead a normal life; doing little things and especially when he pl ayed football. The movie does not have extra-vagant sets or an extra-ordinary script that will fetch it an Oscar but it is good movie that takes on the plight of the unfortunate. It made me feel good to know that there are people out there who feel for the state of the under pledged and tried to depict it through a movie. The film-maker deserves a standing ovation for this no matter what his motive was. While performances are concerned, Sandra Bullock was spot-on. This was one of her career best performances. She carries herself very

Project manager Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Project manager - Essay Example State agencies should evaluate the complexity of the Project, the contract amount, and the risk if the labor is not performed effectively when deciding what components are essential. Functional department such as financial procurement and the task force facilitate smooth flow of the project. The project office consist of the project manager, steering committee to work on the project feasibility in collaboration with the various department associated with the project. The government agency function is to ensure subcontractors are put on the check to ensure they deliver. The chairman of the steering committee integrates in-house functional team and contractor. This gives a favorable environment for both parties to co-exist harmoniously to see the project accomplished (Kloppenborg 221). Department are essential in ensuring finances, and other project deliverables are availed at a timely manner. Department managers as members of the steering committee harmonize the project by ensuring the provision of necessary support are done in a convenient manner. Contracts officer authorizes the entire work directed by the project office. The contractor cost and contractual information is harmonized by the officer by incorporating the in-house functional groups and the customer. Projects are time based events that are carried out for a particular reason for a specified period. The manager restores to previous duty the moment the project is completed. A monitoring team could be instituted to ensure make randomly check to ensure the project is maintained. The project team members are responsible for maintenance of the project the moment it is initiated. Contractors are liable for any failures and the project office just facilitate the subcontractors functions by ensuring necessary supports are accorded (Kloppenborg

Grand Canyon Crash of 1956 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Grand Canyon Crash of 1956 - Essay Example The agency was established to run a broad Air Traffic Control (ATC) system and to certify aircraft designs, airline training programs and maintenance. The Air Traffic Control (ATC) system is responsible for managing air traffic. It is run by the FAA with a twofold purpose: to maintain a safe separation of aircrafts flying over the US and to make aircraft traffic to move as efficiently as possible. The ATC is actually a good place in the airline industry to appreciate its systems-like structure. The ATC organizes all the flights in the country (therefore, implementing a centralized architecture for the industry) and was created based on the idea of a broad and nation-wide system of scheduled flights, which did not existed before. The ATC comprises four types of facilities: airport towers, terminal radars, en route centers and flight service stations. Airport towers look after planes while they taxi to and from runways and during take-off and landing. Terminal radars monitor flights during the climb and the descent phases of the flight. There are 236 of them in the US. The en route centers keep track of aircrafts while they are en route during the high-altitude cruise phase of the flights. Finally, flight service stations are information centers for pilots flying in and out of small cities and rural areas. A keyA key facility in overseeing the entire ATC system is the FAA's Air Traffic Control System Command Center (ATCSCC), located in Herndon, VA. It looks for situations that might create bottlenecks and setups up management plans to control the traffic into and out the troubled sectors. The goal of such a plan is to keep traffic at the trouble spots manageable for the controllers. The importance of the ATCSCC becomes clear when one acknowledges that, on average, there are 900 daily flight delays of 15 minutes or more, which cost to the airlines and customers around $5 Billion USD a year. However, the ATC model is a centralized system architecture that many argue will not be able to cope with the saturation of the airspace and the increase in traffic delays that are expected to take place in the near future. The big challenge for the industry is the design and implementation of a distributed air-flight management system that could increase the throughput of the aviation system keeping the safety levels unchanged. This approach is called Free Flight and is currently being researched by the FAA and the aviation community. Free Flight is expected to improve significantly the efficiency of the National Airspace System. With Free Flight, pilots operating under Instrument Flight rules (IFR) will be able to select the aircraft's course, speed, and altitude in real time. Today, pilots define a flight plan with the ATC, prior to take-off and have to follow the route specified in that plan. Any deviation from that route must be pre-approved by ATC. With Free Flight, pilots will be able to change route, speed and altitude to achieve the desired results, notifying the ATC. Pilot's flexibility will mainly be restricted only to ensure separation and to prevent unauthorized entry into special use airspace. The Free Flight concept is based on two airspace zones, protected and alert, the sizes of which are based on the aircraft's speed, performance characteristics, and communications, navigation, and surveillance equipment. The protected zone, the one closest to the